A research team from the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela, led by Prof. Devendra Verma, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, has developed a bioink made from natural materials for 3D bioprinting of bone-like structures. The bioink is designed to improve existing bone repair techniques by providing a biocompatible and efficient alternative to traditional bone grafting and implants.
The findings have been published in journals including Journal of Biomaterials Science and Carbohydrate Polymers. The research team includes Prof. Devendra Verma and his research scholars, Tanmay Bharadwaj and Shreya Chrungoo. A patent has also been granted for the technology (Patent No. 562791, Application No. 202331054665, Date of Grant: 18 March 2025).
Bone grafting is a widely used method for repairing damaged bones, involving the transplantation of bone from another part of the body or a donor. However, this method has limitations, including pain, limited availability, and the risk of rejection. Metal implants such as titanium plates are another option, but they may not bond well with natural bone and can lead to complications. Both procedures require surgery and, in some cases, multiple interventions for proper healing.
3D bioprinting is being explored as an alternative approach, using bioinks that contain cells and biomaterials to print bone-like structures. A challenge with existing bioinks is the requirement for extended laboratory preparation before implantation. The printed tissue needs to be maintained under controlled conditions for cells to grow and form functional bone, making the process slow and difficult to implement clinically.
The research team at NIT Rourkela has developed a bioink that remains in liquid form at room temperature but quickly turns into a gel when exposed to body temperature and pH. This allows direct application onto an injury site, eliminating the need for separate printing and implantation.
The bioink is composed of chitosan, gelatin, and nanohydroxyapatite, materials known for their biocompatibility and common use in biomedical applications. These components closely resemble natural bone, creating an environment conducive to bone regeneration. The bioink also supports stem cell growth and differentiation into bone cells, promoting new bone formation. Specialized nanofibers incorporated in the bioink enhance cell attachment and proliferation, aiding the healing process.
Prof. Devendra Verma, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, said, “This research contributes to the growing field of 3D bioprinting by offering a bioink that is entirely natural, easy to apply, and capable of supporting bone regeneration. Further research and clinical trials will help determine its effectiveness in real-world applications, paving the way for its use in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery.”
The research is supported by funding from the Department of Health Research (DHR), Government of India. The bioink has potential applications in treating large bone defects caused by accidents, infections, or surgeries by supporting natural bone growth. It is particularly relevant in reconstructive surgeries for the skull and face, where precise bone repair is required. The bioink’s adaptability makes it suitable for irregularly shaped bone defects, offering a personalised approach to bone regeneration. Beyond clinical applications, it can also be used in research for bone tissue engineering and testing new therapies in laboratory and preclinical settings.
The research team plans to test the bioink in suitable animal models and develop a scalable production process in a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) facility for clinical trials. To support commercialisation, the researchers have also established a startup, Quixotix Bioprinting.